Modulation of skin pigmentation by the tetrapeptide PKEK: in vitro and in vivo evidence for skin whitening effects
Keratinocyte and four vehicle-controlled volunteer studies of PKEK (Pro-Lys-Glu-Lys). Reports reduced UVB-stimulated IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and POMC expression, plus volunteer gene-expression and pigment-spot fading when PKEK was combined with sodium ascorbyl phosphate.